Enhanced mechanical properties, water resistance, thermal stability, and biodegradation of the starch-sisal fibre composites with various fillers

The poor performance and high cost of the starch-sisal fibre composites with open-cell structures prevent their usage as biodegradable biomass to replace plastics. Therefore, inorganic fillers [talcum powder (TP), CaCO3 (CC)] and a bio-filler [eggshell powder (EP)] were added, and the resulting mechanical properties, water resistance, thermal stability and biodegradation characteristics were compared. Results show that the tensile strength of the EP-composite increases by 34% and the compressive strength of the CC-composite increases by 69% when compared with those of the non-filler (NF) composite. The mechanical properties of the composites improved because of the reduction of starch crystallinity and the formation of new hydrogen bonds. The EP-composite offered optimal cushioning owing to its uniform and dense open-cell structures. Besides, the CCand EP composites offered better thermal stability. The composites with fillers were more waterproof than the NF composite (by approximately 33%). After conducting biodegradability tests for 30 days, the EP-composite lost 67% of its mass, which was more than those associated with the TPand CC-composites and can be attributed to the presence of organic matter in the EP-composite. These results demonstrate the potential of EP to replace CC and TP for reinforcing the starch-fibre composites with open-cell structures. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.