Abiotic drivers of activity in a large, freeranging, freshwater teleost, Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii)

The allocation of time and energy to different behaviours can impact survival and fitness, and ultimately influence population dynamics. Intrinsically, the rate at which animals expend energy is a key component in understanding how they interact with surrounding environments. Activity, derived through locomotion and basic metabolism, represents the principal energy cost for most animals, although it is rarely quantified in the field. We examined some abiotic drivers of variability in locomotor activity of a free-ranging freshwater predatory fish, Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), for six months using tri-axial accelerometers. Murray cod (n = 20) occupied discrete river reaches and generally exhibited small-scale movements (< 5 km). Activity was highest during crepuscular and nocturnal periods when water temperatures were warmest (19 +/- 30 E degrees C; January +/- March). As water temperatures cooled (9 +/- 21 E degrees C; April +/- June) Murray cod were active throughout the full diel cycle and dormant periods were rarely observed. Light level, water temperature and river discharge all had a significant, non-linear effect on activity. Activity peaked during low light levels, at water temperatures of similar to 20 E degrees C, and at discharge rates of similar to 400 ML d(-1). The temporal changes observed in the behaviour of Murray cod likely reflect the complex interactions between physiological requirements and prey resource behaviour and availability in driving activity, and highlight the importance of empirical field data to inform bioenergetics models.