Chemical characteristics and health risks of trace metals in PM2.5 from firework/firecracker burning during the Spring Festival in North China

Firework/firecracker (FF) burning can significantly deteriorate air quality, whereas little is known about its influences on the elemental composition and associated health risks. Fine particles ( PM2.5) and trace elements were characterized based on a multi- site campaign at Chifeng, China around 2016 Chinese Spring Festival (SF). Severe pollution levels average of 57.70 mu g m(-3) were observed during the SF with maximum to 471.00 mu g m(-3) shortly after the intensive FF activities. Largely enhanced PM2.5-bound metals were found in both urban and rural sites especially for K (8.27 +/- 5.36 mu g m(-3)) and Al (2.36 +/- 1.41 mu g m(-3)). Ba and Sr as the tracer of fireworks also increased more than 20-fold compared to non-SF period. Accordingly, FF burning factor identified via PMF model contributed significantly to the total elemental mass (71.34 +/- 24.94%) during the SF. Its major impacts on both crustal elements as Al, Ca, K and heavy metals as Cr, Cu and Pb were both identified. Elevated non-cancer risks (0.76 to children, 0.11 to adults) and cancer risks (3.96x10(-6)) were assessed during the SF, with As, Cd, Pb exerted the most adverse threats. The FF burning contributed the second largest share of the health threats after coal combustion, accounted for 28.35% and 12.64% of non-cancer risks for children and adults, respectively, and 10.03% of cancer risks, respectively. This study provided scientific evidences for stricter firework/firecracker regulations to protect public health.