Speciation and bioavailability of lead in complementary medicines

被引：16

作者：

Bolan, S. ^{[1
,2
]}

Naidu, R. ^{[2
,3
]}

Kunhikrishnan, A. ^{[4
]}

Seshadri, B. ^{[2
]}

Ok, Y. S. ^{[5
,6
]}

Palanisami, T. ^{[2
]}

Dong, M. ^{[2
]}

Clark, I. ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Univ S Australia, Sch Nat & Built Environm, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia

[2] Univ Newcastle, GCER, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

[3] Univ S Australia, CRC CARE, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia

[4] Natl Acad Agr Sci, Dept Agrofood Safety, Chem Safety Div, Wanju Gun 565851, Jeollabuk Do, South Korea

[5] Kangwon Natl Univ, Korea Biochar Res Ctr, Chunchon 200701, South Korea

[6] Kangwon Natl Univ, Dept Environm Biol, Chunchon 200701, South Korea

来源：

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT | 2016年 / 539卷

关键词：

Heavy metal(loid)s; Ayurvedic medicines; Chinese medicines; Complementary medicines; Toxicity; HEAVY-METALS; TRADITIONAL MEDICINES; BIOACCESSIBILITY; EXTRACTION; MERCURY; SOIL;

D O I：

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.124

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

Complementary medicines have associated risks which include toxic heavy metal(loid) and pesticide contamination. The objective of this study was to examine the speciation and bioavailability of lead (Pb) in selected complementary medicines. Six herbal and six ayurvedic medicines were analysed for: (i) total heavy metal(loid) contents including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), Pb and mercury (Hg); (ii) speciation of Pb using sequential fractionation and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques; and (iii) bioavailability of Pb using a physiologically-based in vitro extraction test (PBET). The daily intake of Pb through the uptake of these medicines was compared with the safety guidelines for Pb. The results indicated that generally ayurvedic medicines contained higher levels of heavy metal(loid)s than herbal medicines with the amount of Pb much higher than the other metal(loid)s. Sequential fractionation indicated that while organic-bound Pb species dominated the herbal medicines, inorganic-bound Pb species dominated the ayurvedic medicines. EXAFS data indicated the presence of various Pb species in ayurvedic medicines. This implies that Pb is derived from plant uptake and inorganic mineral input in herbal and ayurvedic medicines, respectively. Bioavailability of Pb was higher in ayurvedic than herbal medicines, indicating that Pb added as a mineral therapeutic input is more bioavailable than that derived from plant uptake. There was a positive relationship between soluble Pb fraction and bioavailability indicating that solubility is an important factor controlling bioavailability. The daily intake values for Pb as estimated by total and bioavailable metal(loid) contents are likely to exceed the safe threshold level in certain ayurvedic medicines. This research demonstrated that Pb toxicity is likely to result from the regular intake of these medicines which requires further investigation. 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：304 / 312

页数：9