Addition of lemon before boiling chlorinated tap water: A strategy to control halogenated disinfection byproducts

被引:17
|
作者
Liu, Jiaqi [1 ,2 ]
Sayes, Christie M. [2 ]
Sharma, Virender K. [1 ]
Li, Yu [3 ,4 ]
Zhang, Xiangru [5 ]
机构
[1] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA
[2] Baylor Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Waco, TX 76798 USA
[3] South China Normal Univ, Sch Environm, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Chem Pollut & Environm Saf, Guangzhou 510006, Peoples R China
[4] South China Normal Univ, Sch Environm, MOE Key Lab Theoret Chem Environm, Guangzhou 510006, Peoples R China
[5] Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
基金
美国国家卫生研究院;
关键词
Disinfection byproducts; DBPs; Lemon; Boiling; Cytotoxicity;
D O I
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127954
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Chlorine disinfection is required to inactivate pathogens in drinking water, but it inevitably generates potentially toxic halogenated disinfection byproducts (halo-DBPs). A previous study has reported that the addition of ascorbate to tap water before boiling could significantly decrease the concentration of overall halo-DBPs in the boiled water. Since the fruit lemon is rich in vitamin C (i.e., ascorbic acid), adding it to tap water followed by heating and boiling in an effort to decrease levels of halo-DBPs was investigated in this study. We examined three approaches that produce lemon water: (i) adding lemon to tap water at room temperature, termed "Lemon"; (ii) adding lemon to boiled tap water (at 100 degrees C) and then cooling to room temperature, termed "Boiling + Lemon"; and (iii) adding lemon to tap water then boiling and cooling to room temperature, termed "Lemon + Boiling". The concentrations of total and individual halo-DBPs in the resultant water samples were quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the cytotoxicity of DBP mixtures extracted from the water samples was evaluated using human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells and hepatoma HepG2 cells. Our results show that the "Lemon + Boiling" approach substantially decreased the concentrations of halo-DBPs and the cytotoxicity of tap water. This strategy could be applied to control halo-DBPs, as well as to lower the adverse health effects of halo-DBPs on humans through tap water ingestion. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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页数:8
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