Effective dose to the public from 226Ra in drinking water supplies of Iran

One of the most important and prevalent isotopes of radium (Ra) in the human food chain, and especially in drinking water, is Ra-226. To determine the contribution of this radionuclide to the annual effective dose to the public in Iran, a national program for determination of this radionuclide was established, Over 500 water samples from different surface and ground water supplies including wells, rivers and springs, as well as hot springs and sea water from the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf have been analyzed. An emanation method with a minimum detection limit of less than 2 mBq L-1 was developed and applied in this study. Unweighted mean concentrations of 3.3 mBq L-1 and 8.0 mBq L-1 were determined in surface and ground drinking water supplies? respectively. Based on such values, mean unweighted annual intakes of Ra-226 were found to be 0.85 Bq for an infant, 1.97 Bq for a child, and 2.82 Bq for an adult, which correspond to mean unweighted annual effective doses of 0.17 mu Sv y(-1), 0.39 mu Sv y(-1), and 0.56 mu Sv y(-1), respectively. The mean Ra-226 concentrations in hot springs were higher with a maximum of 146.5 Bq L-1 measured in the Ab-e-Siah hot spring in Ramsar, a town on the coast of the Caspian Sea in Iran.