Evaluating Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand Dynamics and Ecological Zoning Management in Wuhan, China

The concept of ecosystem services (ES) supply and demand has attracted increasing attention in science and policy making because it effectively links ecosystem services to human well-being. The imbalance of ES supply and demand in urban areas has become a key issue in regional sustainable development. In this context, we calculated ES supply and demand for Wuhan City, China, using the ES supply and demand ratio (ESDR) and the comprehensive ES supply-demand ratio (CESDR) to express the relationship between ES supply and demand. Ecological zoning was proposed according to the spatial differentiation of the ES supply-demand relationship, and policy recommendations are made. The results show that from the perspective of total ES supply and demand, the water yield supply (S-WY), grain yield supply (S-GY), and recreation services supply (S-RS) are greater than the water yield demand (D-WY), grain yield demand (D-GY), and recreation services demand (D-RS), and that the climate regulation supply (S-CR) is less than the climate regulation demand (D-CR). From a spatial perspective, there are imbalances and mismatches in ES supply and demand, especially in urban central areas. The values of S-WY, S-GY, S-CS, and S-RS per unit area are less than their respective demand values, and the area of mismatch has expanded with the gradual increase of the built-up area. The spatial pattern of ES supply and demand is circular, with the form of deficit zone-relative equilibrium zone-surplus zone, which corresponds to urban central area-near suburbs-distant suburbs and rural areas.