Abundance, survival and population growth of killer whales Orcinus orca at subantarctic Marion Island

Killer whales, Orcinus orca, are a cosmopolitan species with large ecological and demographic variation across populations. Population-specific demographic studies are, therefore, crucial in accurately assessing the status and trends of local killer whale populations. Such studies require long-term datasets and remain scarce, particularly in the Southern Ocean where detailed population specific studies have only been conducted at a single archipelago - Iles Crozet. Here, we analysed 12 years of capture-recapture data (comprising nearly 90 000 identification photographs taken from 2006 to 2018) of killer whales at subantarctic Marion Island (46 degrees 54'S, 37 degrees 45'E) to estimate the abundance, survival and growth rate of this population. Demographic parameters were estimated using multistate capture recapture models, and Pradel Survival-Lambda and POPAN single-state models implemented in the program MARK. Annual survival probability (0.98 [95% CI: 0.96-0.99]) was constant over time, and no important differences between sexes and age-classes (calves, juveniles, adults) were found. This estimate of survival suggests a life expectancy of approximately 48 years. Realised mean population growth rate (.) was 1.012 (0.987-1.037) with an estimated population size of 54 (54-60) individuals and a mean calving rate of 0.13 (0.06-0.20) calves born per year per reproductive female. The survival and reproduction rates of killer whales at Marion Island are similar to those of killer whale populations in the eastern North Pacific, Norway and Iles Crozet. However, subtle differences in survival and reproduction rates are present. These are likely the result of local differences in resource abundances, historical impacts on social structure and/or stressors. Also, the presence and scale of fisheries (legal and illegal) in the area may provide opportunities for direct interactions with fishing activities impacting survival and reproduction rates.