Characterization of glenoid bone remodeling in professional baseball pitchers

ObjectiveTo characterize the appearance, location, severity, and prevalence of focal glenoid retroversion on shoulder MRI in professional baseball pitchers versus age-matched controls.Materials and methodsIn this retrospective review, two musculoskeletal radiologists evaluated shoulder MRI examinations from 40 professional baseball pitchers and 40 age-matched controls. Images were scored for the presence of a focal posterior glenoid convexity and the clock face positions involved. A consensus interpretation was also performed. A third reader identified the presence of additional shoulder abnormalities.ResultsAfter consensus, 60% (24/40) of pitchers were found to have focal glenoid retroversion versus 20% (8/40) of controls (p=0.001). The most apparent location was posterior or posterior-superior, from 7.75 o'clock to 10.5 o'clock (median, 9.75 o'clock; interquartile range, 9.25-10 o'clock). The median clock angle of involvement was greater in pitchers than in controls (30 degrees vs. 0 degrees; p<0.001). Interreader agreement regarding the presence or absence of focal glenoid retroversion was moderate (Cohen's kappa, 0.49). Focal glenoid retroversion was more prevalent among subjects with additional shoulder abnormalities (p=0.014).ConclusionsGlenoid remodeling occurs in the throwing shoulder of professional baseball pitchers and manifests as focally convex morphology of the posterior or posterior-superior glenoid. This type of remodeling does not appear to be associated with a lower prevalence of injuries related to posterior-superior impingement.