Tin-film mini-sensors fabricated by a thin-layer microelectronic approach for stripping voltammetric determination of trace metals

This work describes a novel type of disposable microfabricated tin-film electrode (SnFE) suitable for trace metal analysis by stripping voltammetry. The tin sensors were fabricated by sputtering of metallic tin on an oxidized silicon chip with the exact geometry of the sensors defined by photolithography. The resulting sensors were characterized by optical and electrochemical techniques. The SnFEs were tested for the simultaneous determination of Zn(II) and Cd(II) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) and of Co(II) by square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The limits of detection were 0.7 mu g L-1 of Cd(II), 1.1 mu g L-1 of Zn(II) and 0.6 mu g L-1 of Co(II). The within-sensor reproducibility was 3.4% for Cd(II) and 4.5% for Zn(II) at the 10 mu g L-1 level (n = 8) and 3.2% for Co(II) at the 8 mu g L-1 level (n = 8). The tin-film sensors are disposable, sensitive, environmentally friendly and readily mass-produced; therefore, they can serve as alternative to conventional electroplated metal-film electrodes for stripping voltammetric analysis. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.