Dark survival in biofilm-forming microalgae: potential for colonizing benthic ecosystems

The biofilm-forming microalgae are known to experience periods of continuous darkness (upto several days), in addition to the natural day-night cycle, especially in the intertidal sediment regions (when transported to deeper sediments) and the ships' ballast water tanks (during voyages). However, the information on community and physiological responses to different periods of darkness is limited. Here, the survival capability of biofilm-forming microalgae to varying periods of darkness (7-35 days) and the growth patterns upon resumption of normal 12 h light:dark photocycle has been addressed through simulation experiments. Diatoms dominated the seawater biofilms, but the dark survival period varied and was species-specific. Of the 25 diatoms, only Amphora, potential toxin producer, followed by Navicula remained viable and photosynthetically healthy under darkness without undergoing asexual reproduction. Both diatoms are essential contributors to fouling and microphytobenthic community. Upon re-exposure of dark-adapted biofilms to 12 h light:dark photocycle, the improvement in photosynthetic efficiency and resumption of growth via asexual-reproduction was observed. However, the lag-phase duration increased with a long dark history. Nevertheless, eurytolerant nature and high dark survival capability (with its quick response to light) of Amphora and Navicula indicated that they have the potential to colonize benthic-ecosystems thus impacting the benthic and fouling community. Fouling diatoms to prolong darkness are species specific, but dominant diatoms having high dark survival capability have the potential to colonize benthic-ecosystems, thus impacting the benthic and fouling community.