Thinking about LIPs: A brief history of ideas in Large igneous province research

Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are extraordinary igneous and tectonic events that have influenced the planet in profound ways, including the major turnovers in the history of life. The LIP concept, definitions, and terminology first nucleated in a 1990 workshop jointly arranged by Joint Oceanographic Institutions and U.S. Science Support Program, subsequently presented in a series of seminal papers by Millard F. Coffin and Olav Eldholm in the early 1990's. They combined existing data and information from continental flood basalts with the emerging geophysical understanding of oceanic plateaus and rifted continental margins. The new terminology had major implications within the geosciences and beyond. However, when investigating how geoscientists described and interpreted these vast provinces prior to the 1990's, we are left with a series of questions. Who first realized that LIPs represent extraordinary events in the history of the Earth, what terminology was used, and why were geologists interested in this type of events? Here we discuss some of the key developments in LIP research, including mapping projects, expeditions, international programs, correlations across continents, and the history of the terminology. We focus our discussion on four cases, the Karoo LIP, the Siberian Traps, the North Atlantic Igneous Province, and the Ontong Java Plateau, comprising key examples of LIPs with long histories of study and exploration. We conclude that the past 150 years of LIP-related research and endeavor was largely driven by a need to understand fundamental aspects of Earth evolution, including continental drift, plate tectonic reconstructions, the origin of basalt, mantle processes and plumes, and the role of volcanism in driving mass extinctions and climatic changes.