γ-Bi2O3 - To Be or Not To Be? Comparison of the Sillenite γ-Bi2O3 and Isomorphous Sillenite-Type Bi12SiO20

The "controlled" synthesis of metastable gamma-Bi2O3 by solution based approaches was reported several times recently, but the formation of Bi12SiO20 in the presence of trace amounts of silicates renders the results to be questionable. Here, the preparation of the Sillenite gamma-Bi2O3 and the Sillenite-type Bi12SiO20 starting from the polynuclear bismuth oxido cluster [Bi38O45(O2CC3H5)(24)(DMSO)(9)] is reported. gamma-Bi2O3 crystallizes after calcination at 800 degrees C of the silicate-free hydrolysis product "[Bi38O45(OH)(24)]" on a silver sheet. Corrosion of the substrate causes contamination with silver, which is not incorporated into the Bi-O lattice, and was removed by treatment with an aqueous KCN-solution. Bi12SiO20 was obtained after hydrothermal treatment of the bismuth oxido cluster in the presence of NaOH in glass vessels or Na2SiO3 in a Teflon-lined reactor vessel followed by calcination at 600 degrees C. PXRD studies, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption measurements, IR- and Raman spectroscopy, diffuse UV-vis spectroscopy, and DSC were used for characterization. The phase transition of gamma-Bi2O3 to give alpha-Bi2O3 occurred slowly in the temperature range of 348-510 degrees C (Delta H-gamma ->alpha = 6.57 kJ.mol(-1)). The silver-containing gamma-Bi2O3 exhibits slightly increased Raman modes compared to the silver-free sample due to the SERS effect. In the diffuse UV-vis spectrum gamma-Bi2O3 exhibits an absorption edge at lambda = 485 nm (E-g = 2.76 eV), and the contamination with silver results in an additional absorption edge at lambda = 572 nm. Silver-free gamma-Bi2O3 exhibits an absorption edge at lambda = 460 nm (E-g = 2.83 eV) and Bi12SiO20 at lambda = 422 nm (E-g = 3.16 eV). The photocatalytic activity of the compounds was investigated in the decomposition of aqueous rhodamine B under visible light irradiation, showing silver-containing gamma-Bi2O3 to be slightly more effective compared to Bi12SiO20 and significantly more effective than the silver-free gamma-Bi2O3.