Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) with limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)

Recent research have recognized that coupled use of calcined clay, limestone and cement clinker in concrete is viable to reduce environmental footprints at manufacture and to enhance material durability. In this study, a novel application of the limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is demonstrated by substituting the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). The composite mechanical properties including sigma-delta and sigma-epsilon relationships and residual crack widths were evaluated to 28 days under uniaxial tension. Matrix chemistry was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction, while the pore structure of matrices and composites was analyzed using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The LC3-based ECC showed more rapid early strength development but lower 28-day strength (similar to 32 MPa) due to a 20% higher water-to-solid ratio for attaining adequate workability and fiber dispersion. Nevertheless, the tensile strain capacity of LC3-based ECC achieved over 6% with an average residual crack width less than 50 mu m. Additionally, the composite pore structure exhibited a decreasing volume fraction of large pores and voids (>100 nm) after substituting LC3 for OPC. The use of LC3 marginally decreased the embodied material energy and cost, but led to about 32% and 28% reductions in CO2 emissions compared to traditional OPC-based ECC and concrete, respectively. As a preliminary study, LC3-based ECC shows promise as a greener ductile concrete compared with OPC-based ECC.