RESEARCH CULTURE AND GRADUATE EDUCATION: DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS' PERSPECTIVES

In light of increased globalization in graduate education, examining cultures of research in various countries and their impacts on returnee professors and researchers is an important issue. This study attempts to clarify the dynamic processes that occur in international education, examining interactions among research culture, graduate education, and micro-level individual experiences of international students. Specifically, the study examines how research cultures in Japan, Germany, and other countries have influenced long-term teaching and research experiences of Indonesian international graduate students. First, a brief review of studies on research culture and science is presented, followed by how Japanese graduate education has developed. In brief, the Japanese research culture was community-based, whereas the German system was individual based. When some returnee Indonesian professors attempted to implement the collaborative Japanese koza and kenkyushitsu community systems that include a faculty chair, associate professors, and students at various levels who all work together, the student culture and contexts in Indonesia influenced in their implementation.