In silico design and synthesis of targeted rutin derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors

Background: Xanthine oxidase is an important enzyme of purine catabolism pathway and has been associated directly in pathogenesis of gout and indirectly in many pathological conditions like cancer, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In this research rutin, a bioactive flavonoid was explored to determine the capability of itself and its derivatives to inhibit xanthine oxidase. Objective: To develop new xanthine oxidase inhibitors from natural constituents along with antioxidant potential. Method: In this report, we designed and synthesized rutin derivatives hybridized with hydrazines to form hydrazides and natural acids to form ester linkage with the help of molecular docking. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. Results: The enzyme kinetic studies performed on rutin derivatives showed a potential inhibitory effect on XO ability in competitive manner with IC50 value ranging from 04.708 to 19.377 mu M and RU3a(3) was revealed as most active derivative. Molecular simulation revealed that new rutin derivatives interacted with the amino acid residues PHE798, GLN1 194, ARG912, GLN 767, ALA 1078 and MET1038 positioned inside the binding site of XO. Results of antioxidant activity revealed that all the derivatives showed very good antioxidant potential. Conclusion: Taking advantage of molecular docking, this hybridization of two natural constituent could lead to desirable xanthine oxidase inhibitors with improved activity.