Assessing the effectiveness of park-and-ride facilities on multimodal networks in smart cities

This paper presents an optimization procedure to choose a parking facility according to different criteria: total travel time including transfers, parking fee and a factor depending on the risk of not having an available spot in the parking facility at the arrival time. An integer programming formulation is proposed to determine an optimal strategy of minimum cost considering the available information, different scenarios, and each user profile. To evaluate the performance, a computational experience has been carried out on Seville (Spain), where a historical city center restricts the traffic of private vehicles and encourages the use of parking facilities.