Vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene in healthy adults: limitation of the extrinsic dual-isotope dilution technique to measure matrix effect

Data on the vitamin A equivalency of beta-carotene in food are inconsistent. We quantified the vitamin A equivalency (mu g) of beta-carotene in two diets using the dual-isotope dilution technique and the oral-faecal balance technique. A diet-controlled, cross-over intervention study was conducted in twenty-four healthy adults. Each subject followed two diets for 3 weeks each: a diet containing vegetables low in beta-carotene with supplemental beta-carotene in salad dressing oil ('oil diet') and a diet containing vegetables and fruits high in beta-carotene ('mixed diet'). During all 6 weeks, each subject daily consumed a mean of 55 (SD 0.5) mu g [(13)C(10)]beta-carotene and 55 (SD 0.5) mu g [(13)C(10)]retinyl palmitate in oil capsules. The vitamin A equivalency of beta-carotene was calculated as the dose-corrected ratio of [(13)C(5)]retinol to [(13)C(10)]retinol in serum and from apparent absorption by oral-faecal balance. Isotopic data quantified a vitamin A equivalency of [(13)C(10)]beta-carotene in oil of 3.4 mu g (95 % CI 2.8, 3.9), thus the bio-efficacy of the beta-carotene in oil was 28% in the presence of both diets. However, data from oral-faecal balance estimated vitamin A equivalency as 6:1 mu g (95% CI 4, 7) for beta-carotene in the 'oil diet'. beta-Carotene in the 'oil diet' had 2.9-fold higher vitamin A equivalency than beta-carotene in the 'mixed diet'. In conclusion, this extrinsic labelling technique cannot measure effects of mixed vegetables and fruits matrices, but can measure precisely the vitamin A equivalency of the beta-carotene in oil capsules.