Conventional and unconventional petroleum potentials of the Late Jurassic Madbi organic-rich shales from the Sunah oilfield in the Say'un-Masilah Basin, Eastern Yemen

This study aims to carry out the detailed geochemical characterization of the Madbi organic-rich shale intervals from structural heights in the Sunah oilfield, Say'un-Masilah Basin. The geochemical and basin model results of the source rock reveal that the Madbi Formation in the Sunah oilfield have both conventional and unconventional oil resource potential, and can laterally and vertically change from one well site to another due to varying burial temperature distributions with increasing depth. The Madbi source rock from structural heights of the oilfield is characterized by high organic content, with total organic matter (TOC) values of up to 12 wt%, and reached the low mature stage of the oil generation window. These characteristics make them a potential yet unconventional oil resource candidate, resulting in the retention of more oil that could be released upon application of similarly unconventional techniques. The conventional petroleum system of the Madbi Formation in the deeper portions in the Sunah oilfield was identified based on the match between source, reservoir and seal rocks, and timing of generation, migration, trap formation, and preservation. This Madbi source rock set reached relatively high maturity in the peak-oil window, with ratios of approximately 10-50% of the kerogen converted to large amounts of oil since the late Eocene-early Oligocene. To date, the conversion ratios of kerogen have reached their highest values of more than 50%, generating significant amounts of oil and leading to high pressures and subsequent oil expulsion, which reached the trapping site via vertical migration paths through the faults.