Red Sea deep water circulation and ventilation rate deduced from the 3He and 14C tracer fields

He-3 is injected in the deep ocean at plate boundaries in relation with hydrothermal activity. Its oceanic distribution, which is at a steady-state, shows appreciable vertical and horizontal gradients. Hence, 3 He conservation equations may be inverted to determine the flow field and mixing coefficients within the ocean. Here, we use this technique to investigate the deep circulation of the Red Sea, whose deep thermohaline circulation is comparable to that of a miniature world ocean. He-3 data, which are a combination of the Geosecs, Meseda and Merou cruises, are inverted using a linear inverse box model. The present study allows us to draw the details of the internal circulation. The latter is characterized by (i) a descending branch in the northernmost part of the basin, which corresponds to the sinking and subsequent north-south movement of dense surface waters and of additional water entrained by the sinking plume, (ii) by an internal counterclockwise recirculating loop with a northward return flow at intermediate depth. In the literature, the rate and modes of renewal of the Red Sea deep waters are poorly constrained, with bulk residence time estimates ranging from a few decades to a few centuries. In our model, the deep water renewal rate is directly dependent on the magnitude of the He-3 sources. The global He-3 flux is estimated using two independent approaches. The first method is based on the calculation of the mean He-3 transfer flux at the air-sea interface. The second approach relies on recent estimates of the global terrestrial He-3 flux. Both methods agree within their respective uncertainties. The circulation scheme defined by the inversion is further constrained by simulating the bomb C-14 distribution. Both isotopes, one steady-state tracer (He-3) and one transient tracer (C-14), lead to reasonable agreement. The renewal time corresponding to the sinking of newly formed deep water in the northern part of the basin is 60 years. However, the global ventilation rate, deduced from the simulation of the decay rate of a numerical tracer, is much faster (26 years). This result shows, as already pointed out by others, that deep water formation is not the only process by which the deep Red Sea is ventilated. Although this mechanism is important in our model, the basin wide deep circulation coupled with efficient vertical exchange between the deep basin and the upper layers appear to be an even more powerful mode of ventilation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.