Manufacturing energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastics consumption

Reducing the carbon intensity of plastics production by sourcing sustainable feedstocks while simultaneously enabling effective polymer recycling represents a potential transformation of 21st century manufacturing. To evaluate technologies that could enable such changes, it is imperative to compare the sustainability of bio-based and/or circular plastic flows to those of incumbent manufacturing paradigms. To that end, we estimate the supply chain energy requirements and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with US-based plastics consumption. Major commodity polymers, each of which has a global consumption of at least 1 MMT per year, account for an estimated annual 3.2 quadrillion Btutus (quads) of energy and 104 MMTCO(2)e of GHG emissions in the US alone. This study serves as a foundation for comparing the supply chain energy requirements and GHG emissions of today's plastics manufacturing to tomorrow's disruptive technologies, to inform the development of bio-based plastics and the circular economy for synthetic polymers.