Triangular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Wire for Standard Ternary Logic

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a computational paradigm that is based on encoding information in terms of the configuration of charge among quantum dots without requiring current switches. Mostly, QCA cells have been realized by employing the electron switching in square quantum-dot cells. In this paper, a triangular metal-dot cell with a single electron is proposed to represent ternary information. Then, an inverter chain of the proposed triangle cells is suggested through juxtaposing the cells. Additionally, wire crossing and wire fan-out are the two inseparable subjects of QCA wire. A wire-crossing method is presented for the proposed ternary wire. Wire fan-out is also dealt with in this paper by an innovative approach. The correctness of operation of proposed cells and wires are thoroughly verified by applying the physical relations.