Communism and the National Question The Soviet Union as a Multiethnic Empire

The Bolsheviks re-established the Russian Empire as a multi-ethnic empire. In the form of the Soviet Union, the empire existed until the end of the 20th century. In addition to ruthless violence during the Civil War of 1918-1921 and the Stalinist terror, the Bolsheviks developed specific instruments for integrating the nationalities. These included korenizatsiia (offering a form of positive discrimination for the non-Russian peoples) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (providing a kind of power-political framework). Contrary to the Bolsheviks' intentions and expectations, the nation-building process continued unabated. The Soviet leadership under Mikhail Gorbachev was no longer in a position to channel and integrate the demands of the peoples not least of all the Russians - for national self-determination.