Vertical profile and radiative forcing of black carbon in a winter pollution period over Chengdu, China

The vertical distributions of BC mass concentration (m(BC)) during a winter pollution period in 2017 over Chengdu, a megacity in the Sichuan Basin, China, were measured by a micro-aethalometer equipped on a tethered balloon. This observation experienced severe air pollution with an averaged ground BC of 11.1 mu g.m(-3), which is higher than two times the annual mean in Chengdu for 2018. The available 68 BC vertical profiles are grouped in to five types: Type A (18%) is the uniform vertical distribution of BC with an unrecognizable mixing layer (ML) height; BC in Type B (26%) is also uniformly distributed in the ML while decreases rapidly above the ML; Type C (7%) is a unimodal distribution with BC peak within the ML when the suspended temperature inversion forms; BC in Type D (29%) is accumulated in the near-ground layer and quickly decreases with height; Type E (20%) is the bimodal or trimodal distribution with BC peaks around the top of ML. Types A and B dominate from noon to afternoon, and Types C-E play critical roles during the evening and night. The different vertical patterns of BC are mainly associated with the evolution of the ML and the local emissions. For all the five types, the calculated radiative forcing of BC (f(BC)) is negative at the surface but positive at the top of profile (TOP), indicating the net absorption of radiation by the atmosphere due to BC. The absolute values of f(BC) at the surface and the TOP are increased with the increase of columnar BC loading, and there is no significant difference in f(BC) at the TOP and the surface among different patterns when the same BC loading is considered. However, the vertical distribution of atmospheric heating rate contributed by BC (h(BC)) is highly related to BC's vertical profile. The uniform distributed BC can result in a positive gradient of h(BC) with altitude, and thus, enhance the stability of the atmosphere. The plateau terrain induced small-scale secondary circulation and relatively lower thermal inversion in the west of the Sichuan basin have an essential effect on the vertical distribution of aerosols and can contribute to an accumulation of aerosols at 0.8-1.4 km above ground level. This study would hopefully have a preliminary understanding of the vertical distribution of BC in the Sichuan Basin, and a vital implication for accurately estimating direct radiative forcing by BC in this region.