Jet-grouting performance in tunnelling

The paper focuses on the role of jet grouting on tunnel support, although the influence of supplementary techniques is also considered. For this purpose, experience gained from two well documented case histories is presented. Reported observations and experimental data have been selected in order to help in the identification of proper design limit states. Jet grouting has proven to be quite effective, allowing tunnelling in very difficult conditions, but some failures have also been recorded. Failure mechanisms can be classified according to three different modes: excavation face failure, canopy tip failure, provisional lining failure. With regard to the control of settlements, jet grouting has proven to be very effective but some ground uplift can be temporarily induced by soil treatment.