Comparing Outcomes of Oligometastases Treated with Hypofractionated Image-Guided Radiotherapy (HIGRT) with a Simultaneous Integrated Boost (SIB) Technique versus Metastasis Alone: A Multi-Institutional Analysis

Simple Summary Hypofractionated image-guided radiotherapy (HIGRT) is a common method in which high doses of radiation are delivered to treat oligometastatic disease. We have previously reported on the clinical outcomes of treating oligometastases with radiation using an elective simultaneous integrated boost technique (SIB), delivering higher doses to known metastases and reduced doses to adjacent bone or nodal basins. Here we compare outcomes of oligometastases receiving radiation targeting metastases alone (MA) versus those treated via an SIB. Both SIB and MA irradiation of oligometastases achieved high rates of tumor metastases control and similar pain control. Further investigation of this technique with prospective trials is warranted. Purpose: We previously reported on the clinical outcomes of treating oligometastases with radiation using an elective simultaneous integrated boost technique (SIB), delivering higher doses to known metastases and reduced doses to adjacent bone or nodal basins. Here we compare outcomes of oligometastases receiving radiation targeting metastases alone (MA) versus those treated via an SIB. Methods: Oligometastatic patients with <= 5 active metastases treated with either SIB or MA radiation at two institutions from 2013 to 2019 were analyzed retrospectively for treatment-related toxicity, pain control, and recurrence patterns. Tumor metastasis control (TMC) was defined as an absence of progression in the high dose planning target volume (PTV). Marginal recurrence (MR) was defined as recurrence outside the elective PTV but within the adjacent bone or nodal basin. Distant recurrence (DR) was defined as any recurrence that is not within the PTV or surrounding bone or nodal basin. The outcome rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between the two techniques using the log-rank test. Results: 101 patients were treated via an SIB to 90 sites (58% nodal and 42% osseous) and via MA radiation to 46 sites (22% nodal and 78% osseous). The median follow-up among surviving patients was 24.6 months (range 1.4-71.0). Of the patients treated to MA, the doses ranged from 18 Gy in one fraction (22%) to 50 Gy in 10 fractions (50%). Most patients treated with an SIB received 50 Gy to the treated metastases and 30 Gy to the elective PTV in 10 fractions (88%). No acute grade >= 3 toxicities occurred in either cohort. Late grade >= 3 toxicity occurred in 3 SIB patients (vocal cord paralysis and two vertebral body compression), all related to the high dose PTV and not the elective volume. There was similar crude pain relief between cohorts. The MR-free survival rate at 2 years was 87% (95% CI: 70%, 95%) in the MA group and 98% (95% CI: 87%, 99%) in the SIB group (p = 0.07). The crude TMC was 89% (41/46) in the MA group and 94% (85/90) in the SIB group. There were no significant differences in DR-free survival (65% (95% CI: 55-74%; p = 0.24)), disease-free survival (60% (95% CI: 40-75%; p = 0.40)), or overall survival (88% (95% CI: 73-95%; p = 0.26)), between the MA and SIB cohorts. Conclusion: Both SIB and MA irradiation of oligometastases achieved high rates of TMC and similar pain control, with a trend towards improved MR-free survival for oligometastases treated with an SIB. Further investigation of this technique with prospective trials is warranted.