Mycorrhizal colonization status of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southeastern region of China

The accumulation, distribution, and speciation of contaminants, such as arsenic, in rice can be affected by soil microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). As a potential measure to control contaminant acquisition in rice, the status and performance ofAMF in the field need to be investigated. Root samples of rice plants were collected in seven different cities in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Jiangsu Provinces in China in order to investigate the colonization rate of AMF. The total DNA of the roots was extracted, followed by PCR and sequencing, and further confirmed the existence of AMF. The highest colonization rates (19.5 +/- 7.2%) were observed in samples from Huizhou City, Guangdong Province. Sequences of ribosomal DNA derived from Pingtan (PT) and Shuikou (SK) in Huizhou shared a similarity of 73 and 86% to Glomus cf. clarum Att894-7 (FM865542) and Buncultured fungus<^> (EF434122.1), respectively. The moisture tolerance of the AMF from different sources was tested by subjecting to different levels of water content in the soil. Only AMF from PT, SK, and LJ colonized rice under a condition of 100% of the soil water holding capacity (WHC), but not those isolated from upland plants. The AM colonization rate could be governed by the lighting conditions and temperature. AMF isolated in paddy fields has been shown to have more tolerance to moisture than other upland species. Radial oxygen loss (species and stress dependent) could be an essential factor influencing the colonization rate and requires more investigation.