Shadowboxing-induced reflex seizures in a patient with focal epilepsy

Exercise-induced reflex seizures are a rare form of reflex seizures that are exclusively induced by a specific type of exercise. Many patients with exercise-induced reflex seizures exhibit drug-resistance, and are therefore advised to avoid the triggering exercise. Here, we describe a focal epilepsy patient with shadowboxing-induced reflex seizures. His semiology included focal aware seizures with speech and behavioral arrest that evolved to head version to the right, preceded by cephalic aura. We identified a specific motion that induced these seizures during shadowboxing using video-electroencephalographic recording, and the patient was able to continue boxing by avoiding this motion. We speculate that a broad brain network may be the pathological substrate of his exercise-induced reflex seizures. Identification of the specific motion that induces exercise-induced reflex seizures is useful for not only understanding the underlying pathophysiology, but also for minimizing the therapeutic restriction of the exercise. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.