Sensitive bioaffinity assays with individual microparticles and time-resolved fluorometry

Future immunoassays and nucleic acid hybridization assays will be performed in miniaturized formats that utilize microchips or microparticles. This will require a sensitive detection technology that allows spatial reso lution. By using fluorescent europium chelates and time-resolved microfluorometry, one can detect 11 000 europium molecules on individual microparticles. In a miniaturized noncompetitive immunoassay of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), we quantitatively detected 5 ng/L (0.05 amol per particle) of the analyte on an individual microparticle with excellent precision over the whole measurement range (CV <10%). Using a hybridization assay, we also could detect the Delta F508 mutation for cystic fibrosis on individual microparticles. Consequently, fluorescent lanthanide chelate labels and time-resolved microfluorometry qualify as the next generation of technology in this field.