Factors controlling stable isotope composition of precipitation in arid conditions: an observation network in the Tianshan Mountains, central Asia

Approximately one-third of the Earth's arid areas are distributed across central Asia. The stable isotope composition of precipitation in this region is affected by its aridity, therefore subject to high evaporation and low precipitation amount. To investigate the factors controlling stable water isotopes in precipitation in arid central Asia, an observation network was established around the Tianshan Mountains in 2012. Based on the 1052 event-based precipitation samples collected at 23 stations during 2012-2013, the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of delta D and delta O-18 in precipitation were investigated. The values of delta D and delta O-18 are relatively more enriched in the rainfall dominant summer months (from April to October) and depleted in the drier winter months (from November to March) with low D-excess due to subcloud evaporation observed at many of the driest low elevation stations. The local meteoric water line (LMWL) was calculated to be delta D = 7.36 delta O-18 - 0.50 (r(2) = 0.97, p < 0.01) based on the event-based samples, and delta D = 7.60 delta O-18 + 2.66 (r(2) = 0.98, p < 0.01) based on the monthly precipitation-weighted values. In winter, the data indicate an isotopic rain shadow effect whereby rainout leads to depletion of precipitation in the most arid region to the south of the Tianshan Mountains. The values of delta O-18 significantly correlate with air temperature for each station, and the best-fit equation is established as delta O-18 = 0.78T - 16.01 (r(2) = 0.73, p < 0.01). Using daily air temperature and precipitation derived from a 0.5 degrees (latitude) x 0.5 degrees (longitude) gridded data set, an isoscape of delta O-18 in precipitation was produced based on this observed temperature effect.