Gradual and Discrete Ontogenetic Shifts in Rattlesnake Venom Composition and Assessment of Hormonal and Ecological Correlates

被引:11
|
作者
Schonour, Richard B. [1 ]
Huff, Emma M. [1 ]
Holding, Matthew L. [1 ]
Claunch, Natalie M. [2 ]
Ellsworth, Schyler A. [1 ]
Hogan, Michael P. [1 ]
Wray, Kenneth [1 ]
McGivern, James [1 ]
Margres, Mark J. [1 ,3 ,4 ]
Colston, Timothy J. [1 ]
Rokyta, Darin R. [1 ]
机构
[1] Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32304 USA
[2] Univ Florida, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
[3] Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
[4] Univ S Florida, Dept Integrat Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
ontogeny; size-structured population; Crotalus horridus; Crotalus adamanteus; testosterone; venom; DIAMOND-BACKED RATTLESNAKE; CROTALUS-HORRIDUS; TIMBER RATTLESNAKE; SNAKE; DIET; SIZE; JUVENILE; TRANSCRIPTOME; TESTOSTERONE; REPRODUCTION;
D O I
10.3390/toxins12100659
中图分类号
TS2 [食品工业];
学科分类号
0832 ;
摘要
Ontogenetic shifts in venom occur in many snakes but establishing their nature as gradual or discrete processes required additional study. We profiled shifts in venom expression from the neonate to adult sizes of two rattlesnake species, the eastern diamondback and the timber rattlesnake. We used serial sampling and venom chromatographic profiling to test if ontogenetic change occurs gradually or discretely. We found evidence for gradual shifts in overall venom composition in six of eight snakes, which sometimes spanned more than two years. Most chromatographic peaks shift gradually, but one quarter shift in a discrete fashion. Analysis of published diet data showed gradual shifts in overall diet composition across the range of body sizes attained by our eight study animals, while the shifts in abundance of different prey classes varied in form from gradual to discrete. Testosterone concentrations were correlated with the change in venom protein composition, but the relationship is not strong enough to suggest causation. Venom research employing simple juvenile versus adult size thresholds may be failing to account for continuous variation in venom composition lifespan. Our results imply that venom shifts represent adaptive matches to dietary shifts and highlight venom for studies of alternative gene regulatory mechanisms.
引用
收藏
页数:23
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