Overview of carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Commercial lithium-ion batteries utilize metal oxide (lithiated Co oxide) positive electrodes, non-aqueous solvent containing LiPF6 as the electrolyte and carbon negative electrodes. There has been extensive research to identify the optimum carbon to meet requirements such as high capacity, low irreversible capacity loss, long cycle life, low cost, etc. In this paper, an overview of the wide variety of carbons available for negative electrodes in Li-ion batteries, and electrochemical results obtained on graphite electrodes, will be presented.