Stasis or Decay? Reconciling Covert War and the Democratic Peace

Democratic states sometimes engage in covert interventionssometimes involving forcible regime changeagainst other democracies. Critics charge that these interventions raise doubts about the robustness of the democratic peace. I argue that they require analysts to rethink some aspects of democratic-peace theory. Democratic states base their behavior toward other democracies on expectations about the future trajectory of their regimes: whether, and to what extent, those states will likely remain democratic in the future. When they expect democracy to persist, the constraints of the democratic peace operate. But when democracies expect another state's democratic character to break down, or decay, they prove more willing to engage in covert forcible regime change. I test my dynamic version of democratic-peace theory by examining US efforts to forcibly depose Iran's Mohammed Mossadegh (1953) and Chile's Salvador Allende (1970-1973). The framework developed here helps to resolve a longstanding anomaly for the democratic peacesecret interventions between democracieswhile also providing policymakers with a clearer sense of the stakes associated with covert democracy promotion and subversion.