Reducing Hold-up Risks in Ethanol Supply Chains: A Transaction Cost Perspective

Ethanol plants sit at the intersection of three main supply chains, involving the procurement of feedstocks and the marketing of ethanol and distillers grains. A transaction cost framework assesses the extent to which uncertainty, asset specificity, and transaction frequency create incentives for opportunistic behavior by exchange partners leading to problems of hold-up. Using case study evidence from the western Canadian ethanol sector, solutions to the hold-up risks facing ethanol plants are explored. Contracting and integration feature strongly in downstream output markets. The positioning of the ethanol enterprise within a firm's overall business model, whether as a stand-alone investment or as a forward or backward integration strategy, is an important consideration for future supply chain research in this sector.