The forest people: landscape and firewood use in the Araruama region, southeastern Brazil, during the late Holocene

The site of Morro Grande, situated in the Araruama region, southeastern Brazil (22A(0)47'07aEuro(3)S, 42A(0)21'49aEuro(3)W), is in the Atlantic rainforest phytogeographical domain. It is attributed to proto-Tupinamba agriculturalist and ceramicist populations, recognized by their typical polychrome ceramics. Four periods of occupation were identified at this site: (1) 3,220-2,840 cal b.p.; (2) 3,000-2,150 cal b.p.; (3) 1,820-1,390 cal b.p.; and (4) c. 750 cal. b.p. Analysis of 3,908 charcoal fragments from the three earlier periods has allowed the identification of 78 taxa and 29 plant families. This work demonstrates the permanence of the Atlantic rainforest in the region between 3,220 and 1,390 cal b.p., confirming previous palaeoenvironmental studies in southeastern and southern Brazil. The existence of mature forests is demonstrated; however, firewood was collected mainly from secondary vegetation, probably in the area surrounding the settlement or from cultivated land. These results provide further evidence of human influence on Neotropical rainforests. Creation of secondary environments, however, did not result in irreversible damage to local biodiversity, since the forest tended to regenerate after the clearings were abandoned. Analysis of charcoal concentrated in features allowed the identification of ritual funerary hearths, as well as of a probable specialized feature for firing ceramics. This evidence affords new perspectives for the archaeological interpretation of the funerary ritual and way of life of proto-Tupinamba people.