Assessment of Energy Storage Systems for Multiple Grid Service Provision

With the rapid development of energy storage systems (ESS), their integration with renewable energy systems are increasing and research on the application of ESS performing various grid services is a recent trend. In this paper, different types of ESS are reviewed, including chemical, mechanical, electrical and electrochemical storage systems, and the right choice of ESS is evaluated for performing grid applications and services, focusing on the possibility of performing multiple or stacked grid services. Various grid services are evaluated, including energy arbitrage, peak shaving, spinning reserves, frequency regulation and renewable energy integration. The analyses confirm that certain types of ESS such as compressed air ESS, electrochemical batteries and redox flow batteries are able to provide multiple grid applications, although lithium-ion batteries are proven the most suitable energy storage technology given the recent technical and market maturity.