Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction of Capparis spinosa seed oil

Caper (Capparis spinosa) seed oil growing wild in Iran was extracted using supercritical CO2 and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. The experimental parameters of SFE and UAE were optimized using a rotatable central composite design. The highest yield for SFE was obtained at a pressure of 355 bar, temperature of 65 degrees C, modifier volume of 140 mu L, static and dynamic extraction time of 10 and 35 min, respectively, and for UAE was gained at solvent volume of 23 mL, sonication time of 45 min and temperature of 40 degrees C. This resulted in a maximum oil recovery of 25.1% and 27.9% for SFE and UAE, respectively. The extracts with higher yield from both methods were subjected to transesterification and GC-MS analysis. SFE and UAE processes selectively extracted the fatty oils with high percentage of omega-6 and omega-9-fatty acids. The major components of the extracted oils from both methods were linoleic, oleic, its positional isomer cis-vaccenic and Palmitic acid. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.