Resilience in the built environment

Uta Hassler and Niklaus Kohler informed that the modern engineering concept of resilience originated from material technology in the 19th century. This modern approach replaced the traditional dimensioning rules by formal rules of calculation to optimize structural safety and the reduced consumption of materials. Development of the resilience concept involved a move from an approach to maintain stability to one that explicitly acknowledged a dynamic system that changed over time. This dynamic system constituted a contemporary blueprint involving multiple equilibria and an adaptive change concept. A number of different disciplines adopted the term 'resilience' and applied it to ecological, psychological, social, socio-technical, organizational, and social-ecological systems over a long period of time. A growing number of domain-related resilience concepts continued to exist with their specific definitions.