Ages and genesis of terrace flights in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibetan Plateau, China

Field investigation has shown that the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, in Tibet (known as the Bhramaputra River in reaches downstream) has 11 terraces. The ages of these terraces were determined as follows: T-11>2000 ka, T-10 = 1783 ka, T-9 = 1238 ka, T-8 = 683 ka, T-7 = 382 ka, T-6 = 150 ka, T-5 = 82 ka, T-4 = 67 ka, T-3 = 43 ka, T-2 = 28 ka and T-1 = 10 ka. These terraces formed during several stages of the Quaternary when the Tibetan Plateau was uplifting, recording tectonic-climatic cycles or subcycles of 1.2, 0.4, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.02 million years duration. The tectonic-climatic cycles identified by this study are correlated with red soil and palaeosol records. The preservation of the Oligocene to Early Miocene conglomeratic Dazhuka Formation, close to the present altitude of the main planation surface of the Tibetan Plateau and occurring only in the Yarlung Zangbo valley, suggests that this river has existed since at least 7 Ma. Discoveries of old and thick fluvial gravel layers extending to within 630 m of the valley floor show that the Yarlung Zangbo River was already incised by 2000 m or more below the surface of the Tibetan Plateau, that much of the incision from plateau to valley floor had been accomplished and that the plateau was already substantially uplifted prior to the Quaternary. In addition to its importance for understanding the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, this study documents the impact of varying rates of tectonic uplift on river development.