Genesis and micromorphology of soils under xeric vegetation in the Lakes Region, State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

In the Lakes Region of Rio de Janeiro State, the occurrence of a drier climate creates a peculiar environment where there is a trend of salinization and presence of xeric vegetation. Physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological properties were studied in selected soil transects. The soils are eutrophic as result of nutrient cycling, low weathering degree, and presence of primary minerals with nutrient reserves in their composition. The occurrence of well developed eutrophic soils (Oxisols) under caatinga (xeromorphic vegetation) on the flat tops all over the region is evidence of a paleo-weathering under wetter conditions. These Oxisols (P2 and P7 pedons) are kaolinitic and have a microgranular structure, while the Ki index, Fe-o/Fe-d ratio, Fe levels, and micromorphological and submicroscopic features are typical for this soil class. In the clay fraction they also contain gibbsite, illite, and goethite. The presence of illite, the K reserve, and the intergrade character indicate a low degree of weathering, contrasting with other typical Oxisols of more humid areas of Southeastern Brazil. All studied soils are pedogenetically polycyclic, revealing a current acidification trend at the surface, suggesting the occurrence of a more seasonal climate in a recent past. This trend of acidification induces the destabilization and breakdown of expansible 2:1 clays in subsurface and release of structural Mg and Al to more soluble fractions. This causes a Ca:Mg imbalance in B horizon. There is a marked influence of Na and/or Na + Mg on clay dispersion, causing a textural gradient and higher amount of dispersed clay in the soils. The high Na and K exchangeable amounts were ascribed to marine lagoon sprays to the soil surface, besides the Na and K coming from subsurface K-feldspar and Na/Ca plagioclase weathering. Based on the humic substance fractionation, it was observed a trend towards the formation and migration of organic complex such as Na-fulvates and Na-humates in Na-rich solutions, as indicated by a highly significant correlation between exchangeable Na and the fulvic and humic fractions.