Smoking effect on chemokines of the human chronic periodontitis

Aim: Evaluate the effects of smoking on chemokines of the human chronic periodontitis (CP). Materials and methods: Gingival samples were obtained from 23 smokers (S) and 20 non-smokers (NS) diagnosed with CP. Periodontal examination was performed. The CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL19, CCL20, and CXCL8 chemokine levels were measured in gingival tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chemokines were compared between S and NS, and were correlated with the number of cigarettes per day (C/day) and time of the smoking habit in years (SH/years). Results: CCL3 and CXCL8 of S were significantly smaller than that found in NS subjects, whereas the CCL5 levels increased in the S group. Negative correlations could be observed between CCL19 levels and SH/year. Conclusion: Smoking suppresses the immune response which may contribute to an increased susceptibility to periodontal disease in smokers. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.