A source study of the Bhuj, India, earthquake of 26 January 2001 (Mw 7.6)

We study the source time function (STF) and radiated seismic energy (E-R) of the M-w 7.6 Bhuj earthquake using the empirical Green's function (EGF) technique. Our estimations of the STF and E-R are based on teleseismic P waves and regional seismograms, respectively. We find that the STFs as a function of azimuth have a similar shape and nearly constant duration of 18 sec. This suggests that the rupture propagation was essentially radial. The STFs show a sharp rise in the first 6 sec. The E-R estimated from the EGF technique is 2.1 x 10(23) erg. We find that E-R'S computed from integration of corrected velocity-squared spectra of teleseismic P waves and regional seismograms are in excellent agreement with the E-R obtained from the EGF technique. Since the seismic moment, M-0, is 3.4 X 1 027 dyne cm, we obtain E-R/M-0 = 6.2 x 10(-5). The radiation efficiency, eta(R), during the Bhuj earthquake was low, about 0.23. The sharp rise of the STFs and eta(R) = 0.23 can be explained by Sato and Hirasawa's (1973) quasi-dynamic, circular source model with an effective stress of similar to300 bar and the ratio of rupture to shear-wave velocity, V-R/beta, of similar to0.5. The corresponding estimate of slip velocity at the center of the fault is 156 cm/sec. V-R/beta similar to 0.5 is in reasonable agreement with the duration of the STF and the reported dimension of the aftershocks, as well as with the results of inversion of teleseismic body waves. The observations may also be explained by a frictional sliding model, with gradual frictional stress drop and significant dissipation of energy on the fault plane. This model requires an average dynamic stress drop of about 120 bar and V-R/beta similar to 0.7 to explain both the rapid rise in the first 6 sec of the STFs and, along with a static stress drop of 200 bar, the observed E-R/M-0. High static stress drop is a common feature of most crustal earthquakes in stable continental regions. An examination of the available data, however, does not suggest that most of them also have relatively low radiation efficiency.