Volatile organic compounds measured in summer in Beijing and their role in ground-level ozone formation

Beijing has long suffered from serious ground-level ozone pollution, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role in ozone formation. To understand the chemical speciation of VOCs in Beijing, nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were measured in summer in Beijing and nearby provinces (VOCs in this work means NMHCs+OVOCs). A variation of VOC mixing ratios and chemical speciation from 2004 to 2006 was observed at an urban site in Beijing. The typical VOC species, e. g., propane, propene, and toluene, had comparable or lower mixing ratios than levels found in other cities that previously hosted the Olympic Games, while the mixing ratios for isoprene were higher. The chemical compositions of VOCs within Beijing were heavily influenced by vehicular emissions and differed from those obtained in Tianjin and Hebei Province. OVOCs were an important component, accounting for 54% and 37% in the VOC mixing ratio in 2005 and 2006, respectively, and about 40% of the OH loss rates. The main reactive VOC compounds were aldehydes and alkenes. By using isoprene chemistry and the ratio of ethylbenzene to mp-xylene, the initial mixing ratios of VOCs were estimated. The VOCs had similar variation patterns to ambient ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations. The correlation between daily maximum ozone concentrations and initial VOCs revealed that ozone formation was sensitive to VOCs for both urban (Peking University, PKU) and rural (Yufa) sites. A reduction in NOx would lead to a decrease in ozone at Yufa, but would cause increased ozone at the PKU site.