Management of nonmotor symptoms in advanced Parkinson disease

Current medical therapies for Parkinson disease (PD) are very effective in managing the early stages of the disorder. However, management of patients with advanced stage of PD remains a challenge for the physician and the patient. Despite many benefits of dopaminergic therapy, long-term treatment is associated with both motor and non-motor complications in the majority of patients. Last named are main sources of disability for many PD patients. Therefore, advances in the ability to prevent and treat these problems are critical in the management of these patients and are the major focus of this survey.