Kernelized vector quantization in gradient-descent learning

Prototype based vector quantization is usually proceeded in the Euclidean data space. In the last years, also non-standard metrics became popular. For classification by support vector machines, Hilbert space representations, which are based on so-called kernel metrics, seem to be very successful. In this paper we show that gradient based learning in prototype-based vector quantization is possible by means of kernel metrics instead of the standard Euclidean distance. We will show that an appropriate handling requires differentiable universal kernels defining the feature space metric. This allows a prototype adaptation in the original data space but equipped with a metric determined by the kernel and, therefore, it is isomorphic to respective kernel Hilbert space. However, this approach avoids the Hilbert space representation as known for support vector machines. We give the mathematical justification for the isomorphism and demonstrate the abilities and the usefulness of this approach for several examples including both artificial and real world datasets. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.