The free retraction of natural rubber: A momentum-based model

The free retraction of vulcanised strips of natural rubber released from simple uniaxial deformation is studied using high speed cinematography in the context of a simple momentum theory. Good agreement between the theory and experiment is observed when vulcanisates are released from stresses below 1 MPa, which corresponds to tensile strains rates below 1 x 10(3) s(-1). Above this critical stress and corresponding strain rate value, an increasing dispersion is observed in the form of slowing down of the characteristic retraction pulse, and also by a relaxation of strain ahead of the pulse front (a dispersion of the pulse). Holding samples at high strains for an extended period of time prior to releasing results in a further, significant retardation of the retraction pulse velocity. These effects are related to the increasing non-linearity of high strain rate retraction stress strain behaviour. Energy balance arguments show that the dispersion of the retraction pulse is a prerequisite for pulse propagation, and that its magnitude underpins the deviation from the momentum model outlined in this paper. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.