Critical perspectives on internationalization

Johansen and Vahlne's internationalization process model has been one of the most influential ideas developed in the Journal of International Business Studies in the 1970s. Many early citations emphasize the typical establishment chain described by the authors. Yet, the model of the underlying processes of knowledge accumulation provides insights in the dynamics of international business that can explain internationalization along different establishment chains, and allows incorporating, for example, the evolution of international business networks. In fact, Johansen and Vahlne (1977) anticipated some developments of the resource-based views more than a decade later.