Interdecadal Variation of Precipitation over the Hengduan Mountains during Rainy Seasons

The present study investigates the interdecadal variation of precipitation over the Hengduan Mountains (HM) during rainy seasons from various reanalysis and observational datasets. Based on a moving t test and Lepage test, an obvious rainfall decrease is identified around 2004/05. The spatial distribution of the rainfall changes exhibits large and significant precipitation deficits over the southern HM, with notable anomalous lower-level easterly divergent winds along the southern foothills of the Himalayas (SFH). The anomalous easterlies are located at the northern edge of two cyclones, with two centers of positive rainfall anomalies over the west coast of India (WCI) and the Bay of Bengal (BOB). Observational evidence and numerical experiments demonstrate that the decadal changes of SST over the WP and WIO suppress rainfall over the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) through large-scale circulation adjustment. The EIO dry anomalies trigger the cross-equatorial anticyclonic wind anomalies as a Rossby wave response, and further cause anomalous meridional circulation and moisture transport over the WCI and BOB, favoring the rainfall increase there. The anomalous easterlies at the northern edge of two cyclones induced by the wet anomalies-related heating cause the divergence anomalies along the SFH, resulting in the reduction of precipitation in the HM. In turn, the two anomalous cyclones and dry anomalies have positive feedback on the wet and easterly wind anomalies, respectively, emphasizing the importance of the circulation-heating interaction.