"Undoing" a Rhetorical Metaphor: Testing the Metaphor Extension Strategy

Political metaphors do more than punch up messages; they can systematically bias observers' attitudes toward the issue at hand. What, then, is an effective strategy for counteracting a metaphor's influence? One could ignore or criticize the metaphor, emphasizing strong counterarguments directly pertaining to the target issue. Yet if observers rely on it to understand a complicated issue, they may be reluctant to abandon it. In this case, a metaphor extension strategy may be effective: Encourage observers to retain the metaphor but reinterpret its meaning by considering other, less obvious implications. The current studies support this claim. Under conditions where participants gained a strong (versus weak) epistemic benefit from a rhetorical metaphor, they were more persuaded by a rebuttal that extended (versus ignored or criticized) that metaphor. The studies use converging operational definitions of epistemic benefit and offer insight into how political attitudes are made and unmade.