The ecology and behaviour of a protected area Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) population

Data on the population density, spatial organization, diet and behaviour of a protected, arid zone Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) population are presented, and discussed in the context of the influence of dominant intra-guild competition. Spatially explicit density estimates were based on direct observations and remote camera images of individually identified leopards. Home range estimates were supplemented with spoor data. Average total population density was 21.7/100 km(2) and resident adult density 12.1/100 km(2). Adult male home ranges averaged 22.5 km(2) (N = 3), overlapped with neighbouring male ranges and with ranges of >= 4 adult females. Female "core areas" averaged 1.6 km(2) (N = 4) and exhibited no overlap. Diet was comprised mainly of spotted deer (Axis axis), consumed in proportion to availability. Sambar (Rusa unicolor) contributed minimally to overall diet but was preferred. Observed leopards were mostly solitary (84.2%, N = 247) but significantly less so than in populations with dominant intra-guild predators. They were observed more frequently during crepuscular periods and nocturnally, when they were also more active, than diurnally. Tree caching of kills was uncommon (13.7%, N = 51). Overall, whereas social organization appears unaffected by the absence of dominant intra-guild competition, results suggest subtle behavioural adaptations, such as decreased secrecy and preference for larger prey. This study provides valuable information on a poorly understood, endangered leopard population and provides fresh insights into the role of intra-guild competition on carnivore community structure; particularly that carnivore population density appears determined by prey availability, not competition with dominant inter-specifics.